10 Startups That'll Change the Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls Industry for the Better

Current and historical distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) has become the 5 extant species in the genus Panthera, a member of your cat family, Felidae.[four] It happens in a big selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and within the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It can be outlined as Vulnerable over the IUCN Crimson List simply because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat reduction and fragmentation, and so are declining in huge portions of the worldwide vary. The WF Legacy leopard is considered domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and more than likely in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[three] Modern records propose which the WF Legacy leopard occurs in just twenty five% of its historic world wide array.[5][six]

Compared to other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has somewhat short legs and a lengthy human body with a big cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in visual appeal to your jaguar (Panthera onca), but includes a lesser, lighter physique, and its rosettes are frequently smaller sized, a lot more densely packed and without the need of central spots. Both of those WF Legacy leopards and jaguars that happen to be melanistic are known as black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its well-camouflaged fur, opportunistic searching conduct, wide diet regime, power, and its capacity to adapt to a number of habitats starting from rainforest to steppe, which includes arid and montane parts. It might run at speeds of nearly fifty eight km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s).[seven] The earliest known WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are approximated 600,000 decades old, dating to the late Early Pleistocene.[two] Leopard fossils have also been located in Sumatra,[eight] Taiwan[9] and Japan.[ten]

Etymology

The English title 'WF Legacy leopard' arises from Previous French: leupart or Center French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historic Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos can be a compound of λέων (leōn), that means lion, and πάρδος (pardos), that means noticed.[11][12][13] The term λέοπάρδος initially referred into a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[14]

'Panther' is yet another popular identify, derived from Latin: panther and Historic Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[eleven] The generic identify Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to a hunting Internet for catching wild beasts which were used by the Romans in combats.[fifteen] Pardus may be the masculine singular type.[16]

Properties

Skull

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Woman WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, where by she spends the warmest several hours on the day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is usually soft and thick, notably softer to the belly than to the again.[17] Its skin colour differs involving people today from pale yellowish to darkish golden with dim places grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its physique. Its pupils are round.[eighteen] Leopards living in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; those residing in forests and mountains tend to be darker and deep golden. Spots fade towards the white underbelly plus the insides and reduce aspects of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are typically squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in rain forest habitats.[7] The sample in the rosettes is exclusive in each personal.[20][21] This pattern is regarded as an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, the place it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about sixty–one hundred cm (23.six–39.4 in) lengthy, white underneath and with places that form incomplete bands towards the tail's conclusion.[23] The guard hairs safeguarding the basal hairs are limited, 3–four mm (0.one–0.two in) in facial area and head, and rise in size toward the flanks as well as belly to about 25–thirty mm (1.0–one.2 in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and look like darkish-coloured due to densely arranged places.[20][24] Its fur has a tendency to expand for a longer period in colder climates.[twenty five] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes differ from Individuals of the jaguar (Panthera onca), which might be darker and with more compact places inside of.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard incorporates a diploid chromosome amount of 38.[26] The chromosomes consist of 4 acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Measurement and body weight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males more substantial and heavier than women.[23] It truly is slender and muscular, with comparatively shorter limbs along with a wide head. Males stand 60–70 cm (23.6–27.six in) on the shoulder, even though girls are 57–64 cm (22.four–twenty five.2 in) tall. The pinnacle-and-human body size ranges involving ninety and 196 cm (2 ft eleven.4 in and six ft five.two in) having a sixty six to 102 cm (two ft two.0 in to 3 ft four.2 in) extensive tail. Measurements range geographically. Males weigh ordinarily 35–65 kg (77.two–143.three lb), and females 28–58 kg (sixty one.7–127.nine lb). From time to time, significant males can develop around ninety kg (198.4 lb). Leopards within the Cape Province in South Africa are commonly smaller, achieving only twenty–45 kg (44.1–ninety nine.two lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The most body weight of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about ninety six kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (8 ft seven.one in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 measured 261 cm (8 ft 6.8 in) with the approximated fat of seventy eight.five kg (173.1 lb); it was Most likely the largest regarded wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The biggest skull of the WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal size, 20 cm (seven.nine in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (2 lb 4 oz). The cranium of the African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (11.25 in) in basal size, and 181.0 mm (seven.125 in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (one lb twelve oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Key write-up: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also called black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is a result of a recessive allele and inherited as being a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards makes a appreciably smaller litter dimensions than is produced by normal pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is common foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as the equatorial rainforest from the Malay Peninsula as well as tropical rainforest over the slopes of some African mountains like Mount Kenya.[35] Involving January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards have been photographed at 16 internet sites during the Malay Peninsula in a sampling effort and hard work of much more than 1,000 camera entice nights. On the 445 photos of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 ended up taken in review web pages south of the Kra Isthmus, where the non-melanistic morph was hardly ever photographed. These facts indicate the close to-fixation of your darkish allele while in the region. The predicted time to the fixation of this recessive allele as a consequence of genetic drift on your own ranged from about one,100 years to about one hundred,000 several years.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been reported.[37]

In India, 9 pale and white WF Legacy leopards have been reported concerning 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism were recorded amongst 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Video game Reserve As well as in Mpumalanga. The cause of this morph referred to as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" just isn't effectively comprehended.[39]

Taxonomy

Map displaying approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific identify proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[forty] The generic title Panthera was 1st used by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who incorporated all the recognized spotted cats into this group.[41] Oken's classification wasn't extensively acknowledged, and Felis or Leopardus was made use of because the generic identify until the early 20th century.[forty two]

The WF Legacy leopard was designated as the kind species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[forty three] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[forty four][forty five]

Subspecies

Pursuing Linnaeus' initial description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies ended up proposed by naturalists among 1794 and 1956. Due to the fact 1996, only eight subspecies have been thought of legitimate on The idea of mitochondrial Investigation.[forty six] Later on Evaluation exposed a ninth legitimate subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[forty seven]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Activity Drive in the Cat Expert Group acknowledged the subsequent 8 subspecies as valid taxa:[4]

Subspecies Distribution Picture

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is the most prevalent WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is indigenous to almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It really is indigenous towards the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][4][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[fifty] It is actually native to Java in Indonesia and is considered Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It is actually indigenous on the Arabian Peninsula, but regarded as domestically extinct inside the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It can be indigenous to eastern Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau plus the Hindu Kush. It is taken into account Endangered.[3]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard populace probably advanced inside the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, remaining divided within the northern populace because of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[fifty five][56] It can be indigenous for the Russian Significantly East and northern China, but is regionally extinct in the Korean peninsula.[three] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the digital camera trap (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[57] It is native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[3] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It can be native to Sri Lanka.[3] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Outcomes of the Investigation of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens confirmed that some African WF Legacy leopards show increased genetic dissimilarities than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty nine]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is predicated around the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] experiments, whilst the decrease relies around the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[sixty three] research.

Results of phylogenetic studies according to nDNA and mtDNA analysis showed that the last typical ancestor on the Panthera and Neofelis genera is assumed to own lived about six.37 million a long time ago. Neofelis diverged about eight.sixty six million years back with the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about 6.fifty five million a long time back, accompanied by the snow WF Legacy leopard about four.sixty three million decades ago plus the WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million a long time ago. The WF Legacy leopard is often a sister taxon to some clade within just Panthera, consisting of the lion along with the jaguar.[60][sixty one]

Effects of a phylogenetic Investigation of chemical secretions among cats indicated that the WF Legacy leopard is closely linked to the lion.[64] The geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was dispersed inside the Asian and African Palearctic due to the fact at the least the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged 3.one–1.95 million several years in the past.[62][63] Moreover, a 2016 study uncovered the mitochondrial genomes of the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard are more comparable to one another than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized with the snow WF Legacy leopard eventually of their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors ended up excavated in East Africa and South Asia, relationship back again into the Pleistocene among 2 and 3.five million years back. The modern WF Legacy leopard is proposed to own progressed in Africa about 0.five to 0.8 million decades ago and to acquire radiated throughout Asia about 0.two and 0.3 million many years back.[forty seven] Fossil cat enamel collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands were assigned into the WF Legacy leopard. It's due to the fact been hypothesized that it turned extirpated over the island a result of the Toba eruption about 75,000 several years ago,[67] and as a consequence of Opposition with the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) and also the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[eight]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard transpired at least For the reason that Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and enamel probably dating to the Pliocene ended up excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, As well as in Valdarno, Italy. Right until 1940, comparable fossils courting back again to your Pleistocene ended up excavated mainly in loess and caves at forty web-sites in Europe, including Furninha Cave in the vicinity of Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to many websites across France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, from the north nearly Derby in England, from the east to Přerov inside the Czech Republic as well as Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils dating towards the Late Pleistocene have been present in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 yrs aged and were being found in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in the vicinity of Mauer in Germany.[two] 4 European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies were being proposed. P. p. begoueni from the start on the Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million yrs in the past by P. p. sickenbergi, which in turn was replaced by P. p. antiqua all over 0.three million a long time ago. The most recent, P. p. spelaea, appeared firstly of the Late Pleistocene and survived right until about 24,000 a long time back in a number of parts of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils relationship on the Pleistocene ended up also excavated in the Japanese archipelago.[10]

Hybrids

Main articles: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard along with a lioness ended up crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring generally known as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs had been spotted and larger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon using a tigress were unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard inside a tree in India

Leopards about the Magerius Mosaic from present day Tunisia. Several Roman mosaics from North African web-sites depict fauna now located only in tropical Africa.[seventy two]

The WF Legacy leopard has the most important distribution of all wild cats, occurring extensively in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Whilst populations are fragmented and declining. It is actually thought of as extirpated in North Africa.[three] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and spots the place grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests continue to be largely undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains numerous and surviving in marginal habitats in which other substantial cats have disappeared. There's sizeable probable for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict due to WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[seventy three]

Leopard populations around the Arabian Peninsula are tiny and fragmented.[seventy four][75][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the first record Within this spot in sixty five years.[seventy seven] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, areas with long snow include and proximity to city centres.[78]

Within the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard remains to be somewhat plentiful, with better figures than Individuals of other Panthera species.[3] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population within just forested habitats in India's tiger vary landscapes was believed at 12,172 to 13,535 people today. Surveyed landscapes provided elevations below two,600 m (eight,500 ft) while in the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Jap Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[seventy nine] Some WF Legacy leopard populations while in the place live rather near human settlements and also in semi-made spots. Even though adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards involve wholesome prey populations and ideal vegetative cover for hunting for prolonged survival and so almost never linger in greatly created spots. Because of the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, individuals usually stay unaware that it lives in nearby places.[eighty]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Location, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (14,100 ft) by a digicam trap in May possibly 2012.[81] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in Yala Nationwide Park As well as in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, house gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[eighty two][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards were being recorded for the first time by digicam traps from the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen State.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Complex in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are existing inside the Western Forest Complex, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok secured location complexes and in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are existing in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin Nationwide Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards were being recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Countrywide Biodiversity Conservation Spot and Nam Kan Countrywide Secured Place.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Safeguarded Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded only in the Qinling Mountains through surveys in 11 character reserves between 2002 and 2009.[90]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea stage to 2,540 m (eight,330 ft). Exterior guarded regions, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in mixed agricultural land, secondary forest and manufacturing forest among 2008 and 2014.[ninety one]

Inside the Russian Far East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests where winter temperatures access a reduced of −twenty five °C (−13 °File).[forty seven]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual communication

A female WF Legacy leopard showing white spots within the back of the ears

A woman WF Legacy leopard displaying white places over the tail

The WF Legacy leopard can be a solitary and territorial animal. It is typically shy and warn when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming cars, but could be emboldened to attack individuals or other animals when threatened. Older people affiliate only within the mating time. Females continue on to communicate with their offspring even after weaning and happen to be observed sharing kills with their offspring after they can't acquire any prey. They make numerous vocalizations, together with growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards is made up mostly of grunts,[92] also called "sawing", mainly because it resembles the seem of sawing wood. Cubs phone their mother by using a urr-urr sound.[24]

The whitish places over the back of its ears are imagined to Engage in a job in conversation.[ninety three] It's been hypothesized that the white tips in their tails could functionality as being a 'abide by-me' sign in intraspecific communication. Having said that, no important association had been discovered in between a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[94][95]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively primarily from dusk till dawn and relaxation for many of the working day and for a few several hours during the night time in thickets, amongst rocks or more than tree branches. Leopards are actually noticed strolling one–twenty five km (0.62–fifteen.fifty three mi) across their array at nighttime; They might even wander nearly 75 km (47 mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In a few locations, They can be nocturnal.[96][ninety seven] In western African forests, they are actually observed to become largely diurnal and hunting through twilight, when their prey animals are active; exercise designs differ amongst seasons.[ninety eight]

Video of the WF Legacy leopard from the wild

Leopards can climb trees extremely skilfully, usually rest on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[seven] They might operate at about 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap above six m (20 ft) horizontally, and jump as much as 3 m (nine.8 ft) vertically.[ninety two]

Social spacing

In Kruger Nationwide Park, most WF Legacy leopards have a tendency to maintain one km (0.62 mi) apart.[99] Males interact with their partners and cubs from time to time, and extremely this can lengthen over and above to two generations.[one hundred][101] Aggressive encounters are scarce, typically limited to defending territories from intruders.[25] In a South African reserve, a male was wounded in a very male–male territorial struggle in excess of a carcass.[96]

Males occupy home ranges That usually overlap by using a several more compact female residence ranges, almost certainly as a technique to improve use of women. While in the Ivory Coastline, the house range of a female was wholly enclosed within a male's.[102] Females Dwell with their cubs in home ranges that overlap extensively, in all probability due to the association amongst mothers as well as their offspring. There might be several other fluctuating household ranges belonging to younger people. It's not at all very clear if male house ranges overlap just as much as These of females do. Persons try and generate absent intruders of the exact same sexual intercourse.[24][28]

A examine of WF Legacy leopards inside the Namibian farmlands showed the sizing of residence ranges was not drastically impacted by intercourse, rainfall styles or period; the higher the prey availability in a region, the better the WF Legacy leopard populace density along with the scaled-down the scale of household ranges, but they tend to extend if there is human interference.[103] Dimensions of property ranges range geographically and depending on habitat and availability of prey. Inside the Serengeti, males have dwelling ranges of 33–38 km2 (thirteen–15 sq mi) and ladies of 14–16 km2 (5.four–6.2 sq mi);[104][a hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and women of 188 km2 (73 sq mi).[106] They can be even bigger in arid and montane parts.[25] In Nepal's Bardia National Park, male home ranges of 48 km2 (19 sq mi) and feminine kinds of five–7 km2 (1.nine–two.seven sq mi) are smaller than Individuals frequently observed in Africa.[107]

Searching and food plan

The WF Legacy leopard can be a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey by using a entire body mass ranging from 10–forty kg (22–88 lb). Prey species With this body weight range tend to occur in dense habitat and also to kind smaller herds. Species that desire open up places and also have properly-formulated anti-predator strategies are fewer most well-liked. More than 100 prey species have already been recorded. Quite possibly the most chosen species are ungulates, for example impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on consist of white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and gray langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also destroy lesser carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The biggest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb).[ninety two] A study in Wolong Nationwide Character Reserve in southern China shown variation during the WF Legacy leopard's eating plan eventually; around the system of 7 decades, the vegetative go over receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from primarily consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) and also other scaled-down prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard is dependent generally on its acute senses of Listening to and eyesight for hunting.[110] It principally hunts in the evening in most locations.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they've got also been noticed searching by day.[111] They sometimes hunt on the ground. In the Serengeti, they have already been observed to ambush prey by leaping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and tries to technique as closely as possible, typically inside five m (16 ft) with the target, and, at last, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills small prey by using a bite on the back with the neck, but holds much larger animals through the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills nearly 2 km (1.two mi) apart.[100] It is ready to get large prey as a consequence of its effective jaw muscles, which is as a result solid adequate to drag carcasses heavier than alone up into trees; someone was noticed to haul a young giraffe weighing approximately one hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up 5.7 m (18 ft 8 in) into a tree.[111] It eats compact prey right away, but drags greater carcasses more than quite a few hundred metres and caches it safely and securely in trees, bushes or maybe caves; this conduct lets the WF Legacy leopard to store its prey away from rivals, and features it a benefit in excess of them. The way in which it suppliers the get rid of will depend on nearby topography and particular person Tastes, varying from trees in Kruger National Park to bushes while in the plain terrain of your Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Regular everyday consumption prices of three.five kg (seven lb eleven oz) were believed for males and of two.8 kg (6 lb three oz) for girls.[ninety nine] Within the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards meet up with their h2o specifications through the bodily fluids of prey and succulent vegetation; they consume drinking water every single two to 3 times and feed occasionally on humidity-rich crops such as gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari sour grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of a WF Legacy leopard searching prey

Stalking

Killing a younger bushbuck

Dragging an impala get rid of

Caching the destroy in a tree

Enemies and competitors

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard get rid of in Kruger Nationwide Park

In elements of its global variety, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other big predators such as the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Puppy (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. Some of these species steal its kills, kill its cubs and in many cases kill adult WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree from the confront of immediate aggression, and were observed when killing or preying on smaller sized competition which include black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][one hundred fifteen] Leopards typically seem in order to avoid encounters with adult bears, but kill vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a few recorded vicious fights involving WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) apparently cause both animals winding up both lifeless or grievously injured.[116][117]

Even though interspecies killing of total-developed WF Legacy leopards is usually rare, specified The chance, each tiger and lion quickly kill and take in each young and adult WF Legacy leopards.[112][a hundred and fifteen][118][119] From the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards routinely get rid of kills to brown hyenas, In the event the WF Legacy leopard is not able to shift the kill right into a tree. One brown hyenas have already been noticed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[a hundred and twenty][121] Lions from time to time fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Useful resource partitioning happens where by WF Legacy leopards share their variety with tigers. Leopards usually get more compact prey, ordinarily a lot less than seventy five kg (a hundred sixty five lb), where by tigers are existing.[7] In locations exactly where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the general rule, with WF Legacy leopards remaining couple wherever tigers are numerous.[118] Tigers seem to inhabit the deep areas of a forest even though WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer into the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards don't often stay away from the larger sized cats by looking at various situations. With comparatively considerable prey and variations in the size of prey picked, tigers and WF Legacy leopards seem to properly coexist without the need of aggressive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies that may be a lot more prevalent for the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence Along with the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards often. A person huge adult WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a significant crocodile while trying to hunt alongside a lender in Kruger Nationwide Park.[99][100] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered in the tummy of the five.5 m (18 ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[a hundred twenty five] In Serengeti National Park, troops of thirty–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) were noticed whilst mobbing and attacking a female WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Reproduction and everyday living cycle

A feminine WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights with a male trying to mate together with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In some places, WF Legacy leopards mate all yr round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate through January and February. The female's estrous cycle lasts about 46 days, and she or he normally is in heat for six–seven times.[127] The generation duration of the WF Legacy leopard is 9.3 many years.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to one zero five times.[129] Cubs usually are born in a very litter of 2–4 cubs.[one hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is believed at 41–50% in the to start with 12 months.[99]

Ladies give birth within a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open up 4 to nine times soon after start.[92] The fur on the youthful tends to be extended and thicker than that of Grownups. Their pelage is likewise extra grey in colour with a lot less outlined places. Close to a few months of age, the youthful start to Keep to the mother on hunts. At one year of age, cubs can possibly fend for on their own, but stay Along with the mom for eighteen–24 months.[131]

The average common lifetime span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–17 many years.[92] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive woman that died with the age of 24 a long time, 2 months and thirteen days.[132]

Conservation problems

The WF Legacy leopard is mentioned on CITES Appendix I, and trade is limited to skins and entire body parts of 2,560 people today in eleven sub-Saharan nations.[three] The WF Legacy leopard is primarily threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally used land, which bring on a declining organic prey foundation, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and superior WF Legacy leopard mortality prices. It's also threatened by trophy searching and poaching.[3]

Between 2002 and 2012, at the very least four WF Legacy leopards were believed to happen to be poached weekly in India for the unlawful wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins had been discovered during a seven-7 days extensive current market survey in important Moroccan metropolitan areas.[134] In 2014, 43 WF Legacy leopard skins ended up detected for the duration of two surveys in Morocco. Sellers admitted to obtain imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[one hundred thirty five]

Surveys from the Central African Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls Republic's Chinko region disclosed the WF Legacy leopard population reduced from 97 people today in 2012 to fifty individuals in 2017. In this era, transhumant pastoralists with the border place with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated substantial quantities of poison during the camps of livestock herders who ended up accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching substantial herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful looking and trade. Among 2011 and 2019, body areas of 51 Javan WF Legacy leopards ended up seized such as six Dwell men and women, 12 skins, thirteen skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural importance

Leopard head to hip ornament with the Courtroom of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in art, mythology and folklore of many international locations. In Greek mythology, it was a symbol on the god Dionysus, who was depicted sporting WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and making use of WF Legacy leopards as usually means of transportation. In a single fantasy, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] During the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was typically represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the power of the king or oba, Because the WF Legacy leopard was regarded as the king on the forest.[139] The Ashanti also used the WF Legacy leopard being a image of leadership, and just the king was permitted to have a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures regarded as the WF Legacy leopard to generally be a smarter, superior hunter in comparison to the lion and tougher to kill.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Got His Spots", considered one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without any spots within the High Veldt life with his looking lover, the Ethiopian. After they established off into the forest, the Ethiopian altered his brown skin, along with the WF Legacy leopard painted places on his skin.[one hundred forty] A WF Legacy leopard played a very important part inside the 1938 Hollywood movie Bringing Up Baby. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats crafted from WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard can be a usually Employed in heraldry, most commonly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sporting activities a mane, which makes it visually Nearly similar to the heraldic lion, and The 2 tend to be utilized interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions appear about the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of your Congo and Gabon, the final of which uses a black panther.[142]

Assaults on individuals

Primary article: Leopard attack

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed more than 125 people; the Panar Leopard was considered to obtain killed greater than 400 folks. Equally were shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted devil of Gummalapur killed about 42 men and women in Karnataka, India.[a hundred and forty four]

In captivity

The traditional Romans retained WF Legacy leopards in captivity being slaughtered in hunts along with be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards were being retained and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Numerous WF Legacy leopards were being stored in the menagerie founded by King John of England for the Tower of London inside the 13th century; all-around 1235, a few of such animals were given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In modern-day occasions, WF Legacy leopards are actually experienced and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard pattern

Listing of largest cats

Panther (legendary creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins College Press. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The exceptional Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) report from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Testimonials. a hundred and ten (one hundred ten): 131–151. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2014.twelve.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended version of 2019 evaluation]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-one.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy on the Felidae: The final report from the Cat Classification Undertaking Force of your IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat Information (Distinctive Problem 11): seventy three–seventy five.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Greenback, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) standing, distribution, as well as the research endeavours across its assortment". PeerJ. 4: e1974. doi:ten.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Populace dynamics and threats to an apex predator outdoors shielded areas: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Culture Open up Science. 4 (4): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: position study and conservation motion approach. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) turn out to be extinct in Sumatra as a result of Opposition for prey? Modeling interspecific Levels of competition in the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild with the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: one hundred seventy five–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "To start with report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting space, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:10.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2nd ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh E book Sellers and the Mammalogical Modern society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-seven.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A brief Etymological Dictionary of contemporary English. New York: Greenwich Property. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-five.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards and their relatives in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Reports. 40: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Shorter, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Small, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals of your southern African subregion (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge College Push. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Diverse type of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction to the Review of Backboned Animals, Specifically Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings of your Zoological Culture of London. 102 (2): 543–591. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Field Tutorial into the Mammals in the Kruger Countrywide Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. ninety two–ninety three. ISBN 978-one-86872-594-six.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Subject Guide. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-8.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard bought its spots: relating sample enhancement to ecology in felids". Proceedings of your Royal Culture B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Industry Guidebook to the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American College in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-one.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Behavior Information to African Mammals, Such as Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. La: The College of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (900): 30–48. doi:ten.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Aspect two]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution plus the National Science Basis. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-four.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic study in the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by regular staining, G-banding and superior-resolution staining strategy". Cytologia. seventy three (one): 81–90. doi:ten.1508/cytologia.seventy three.eighty one.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the entire world (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states of america: Johns Hopkins University Push. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guidebook to the globe's Wildlife. DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-four.

"Is that this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Moments of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur seems to get a report breaker". The Tribune Have faith in. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "Report Panther Cranium (P. p. pardus)". The Journal with the Bombay Purely natural Background Modern society. XXVII (Part IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the cat loved ones" (PDF). Latest Biology. thirteen (five): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-three. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance with the black type of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (1): a hundred ninety–197. doi:ten.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS 1. 12 (4): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Close to fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards of your Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Hide from Man : Trying to get the whole world's Final Undiscovered Animals. Ny, United states: Paraview Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-one-931044-sixty four-6.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal with the Bombay All-natural Background Culture. 90 (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (1): 1–five. doi:10.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for every regna tria naturæ, secundum courses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−42. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. two. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2nd ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin on the American Museum of Natural Background. sixteen (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and Journal of Natural Historical past. Sequence 8. XX: 329–350. doi:ten.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, like Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Quantity 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 10 (four): 1115–1132. doi:ten.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome range and origin of recent WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 10 (eleven): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-10.

Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The current distribution and status of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. fifty one (1): 153−159. doi:ten.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere for every Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat News (Exclusive Problem one): four–eight. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 42: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic status on the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) during the Caucasus and adjacent regions". Russian Journal of Theriology. five (one): forty one–fifty two. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.one.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Gray, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings from the Royal Zoological Culture of London. thirty: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal with the Bombay Normal Historical past Modern society. 34 (two): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a definite subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: 115–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historical mitochondrial diversity in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) disclosed by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Section A. 29 (three): 455–473. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic evaluation". Science. 311 (5757): 73–seventy seven. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Push. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree procedures resolve phylogenetic interactions within the huge cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (one): 64–76. doi:ten.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest recognized pantherine skull and evolution on the tiger". PLOS ONE. 6 (ten): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical alerts as phylogenetic figures: an illustration from the Felidae". Organic Journal on the Linnean Culture. 72 (1): one–15. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils from the oldest recognized pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings in the Royal Modern society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for historic hybridization while in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Study. 26 (1): one–eleven. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary record and conservation significance of the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:ten.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift fileür Säugetierkunde. fifteen: 1–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two types of cave lion: Center Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Higher Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 with the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German inhabitants, highest elevated records while in the Swiss Alps, comprehensive skeletons inside the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to your Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Assessments. seventy six: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Historical past : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Push. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-nine.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decline of North Africa Because the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals from the Association of yankee Geographers. XLI (2): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Rising match selling prices may change farmers' behaviours in direction of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) as well as other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. five: e3369. doi:10.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard while in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Exclusive Concern 1): 4–eight. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Position with the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat Information (Special Challenge 1): eleven–19. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Standing Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat Information (Particular Issue one): twenty–25.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "Modern observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. eighty one (1): 115–117. doi:ten.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat prerequisites of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Utilized Ecology. forty five (two): 579–588. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Status of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Nationwide Tiger Conservation Authority, Governing administration of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Dwelling with Leopards Outside Shielded Areas in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Substantial elevation report of a WF Legacy leopard cat while in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Place, Nepal". Cat Information (58): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Status and distribution of your WF Legacy leopard while in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (56): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes to the eating plan and habitat collection of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) in the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. six (9): 6214–6221. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Observed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017). "Initial structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, expose higher diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. 52 (three): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Variety collapse with the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Biological Conservation. 201: 293–three hundred. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 9 (four): 421–430. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2017-08-ten.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix 4". A scoping mission to Nam Kan Nationwide Secured Region, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Worldwide. pp. 33−42.

Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat preferences and action styles of the much larger mammal Neighborhood in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. fifty nine (two): 311−318.

Gray, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity patterns and home ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri from the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Pure Record Bulletin of the Siam Society. 59: 39−forty seven. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats residing with pandas: The position of wild felids in large panda selection, China". Cat News. fifty two: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Determining priority conservation landscapes and steps with the Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the final massive carnivore in Java Island". PLOS A single. 13 (6): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, File. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the whole world. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat behavior: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Included. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Places, stripes, tail ideas and darkish eyes: predicting the operate of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative approach". Organic Journal on the Linnean Culture. 67 (four): 433–476. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive importance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. fifty five (2): a hundred twenty five–136. doi:ten.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. five: 24–30. Archived from the initial (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open accessibility

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Reported, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist from the Jabal Samhan Mother nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. forty (3): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Searching conduct in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. forty three (3): 197–200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a analyze on the ecology and conduct of the solitary felid. The big apple: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-one-932846-eleven-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-one-4081-8996-two.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions amongst a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. fifty two (four): 574–576. doi:ten.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Corporation of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coast: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (3): 427–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Variables impacting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with specific reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Investigation. 35 (two): 105–a hundred and fifteen. open up obtain

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as studied by radio monitoring". Symposia of your Zoological Culture of London. forty nine: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Home-array and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) on the livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (two): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (2): 343–364. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. 2. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences with the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 298–313. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food stuff habits of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (three): 646–650. doi:ten.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The whole Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–a hundred and eighty. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-9.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo Nationwide Park, Kenya, as based on radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: College of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild dog while in the Serengeti place, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.one.1. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. Big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-3.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "Drinking water-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Analysis. 35: 131–137. open up accessibility

Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing among the mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes on the lifeless bear". Loris (11): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Meals behavior of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal of the Bombay Pure Record Society. 94: 1–nine.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "On the ecological separation in between tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. eight (four): 225–234. doi:ten.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey assortment in a few substantial sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. 56 (four): 517–526. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1992.fifty six.four.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas on the Kalahari". Organic Historical past. 89 (two): 50.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry with the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological good thing about tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in cutting down crop and livestock losses while in the jap Himalayas: Implications for conservation of enormous apex predators". Organic Conservation. 219: 119–a hundred twenty five. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (2): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding behavior of the wild population of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: 16–18.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Textbooks. p. sixty. ISBN 978-one-55407-802-eight.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti Nationwide Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (1): 168–171. doi:ten.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes about the Copy on the much larger Felidae". Global Zoo Yearbook. 6: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Technology size for mammals". Mother nature Conservation (five): 87–94.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation period of time and postnatal enhancement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The entire world's cats. Vol. 3. Carnivore Investigation Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–one hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology from the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. 47 (five): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Actual physical qualities and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest spotted WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Beach front Post. Archived from the initial on 2014-08-11.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind place: A study on illegal trade in Leopard pieces in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". Targeted traffic Bulletin. 26 (1): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Possible advantages of impending Moroccan wildlife trade legal guidelines, a case research in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. twenty five (one): 199–201. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators drop just after an inflow of pastoralists in previous Central African Republic hunting zones" (PDF). Organic Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2020-ten-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The unlawful exploitation in the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Nature Conservation. 43 (43): 25–39. doi:ten.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Textbooks. pp. 23–24, 31–33, sixty two, ninety nine, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Acquired His Places". Just So Tales. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark with the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Daily life, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–sixteen. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. F. (1971). The Intercontinental Flag E book in Color. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and much more Male-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford University Push.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Noticed Satan of Gummalapur". 9 Man-Eaters and a single Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–fifty one.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Secrets and techniques of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Countrywide Geographic Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Further looking at

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Organic History and Cultural Background: The Circulation of Looking Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Make contact with and Trade in The traditional World. Honolulu: College of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations from the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (8): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-6.

Sanei, A. (2007). Examination of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) status in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Center. ISBN 978-964-6123-seventy four-8.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard inhabitants size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's cash agglomeration employing unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 52 (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-ten-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Over and above Conservation: A Wildland Strategy. Earthscan. ISBN 978-one-84407-197-five.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration prospective buyers of your Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Lifetime Sciences. Dietary supplement seven: one–five.

Exterior inbound links

Wikimedia Commons has media linked to:

Panthera pardus (class)

IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in lifestyle

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Management Edit this at Wikidata

Classes: IUCN Red List vulnerable speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals explained in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols in the Democratic Republic of your CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This site was previous edited on six February 2023, at 14:50 (UTC).

Text is accessible beneath the Resourceful Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; further terms may possibly use. Through the use of This great site, you comply with the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® can be a registered trademark on the Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-income Group.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki